1.1. Introduction to the global climate system and the regulatory role of the oceans
1.2. Radiative balance, greenhouse effect, and heat storage in the ocean
1.3. Fundamentals of physical oceanography: stratification, water masses, and general circulation
1.4. The carbon cycle and major marine biogeochemical cycles
1.5. Natural climate variability (ENSO, NAO, AMO) and its influence on the oceans
1.6. Climate change scenarios (IPCC) and specific projections for the marine environment

2.1. Evidence of ocean warming: observations, time series, and trends
2.2. Changes in ocean circulation: surface currents, thermohaline circulation, and gyres
2.3. Stratification, vertical mixing, and consequences for nutrients and primary productivity
2.4. Sea level rise: thermal expansion, ice melt, and continental inputs
2.5. Extreme ocean events: marine heatwaves, storms, and wave changes
2.6. Implications of ocean physical changes for regional climate and coastlines

3.1. CO₂ uptake by the ocean: physical pump, biological pump, and blue carbon
3.2. Fundamentals of ocean acidification: pH, alkalinity, and the carbonate system
3.3. Ocean deoxygenation: causes, oxygen minimum zones, and expansion of hypoxic areas
3.4. Impacts of acidification on calcifying organisms (corals, mollusks, plankton)
3.5. Combined effects of acidification, warming, and deoxygenation on food webs
3.6. Methods for monitoring and modeling ocean chemistry and its trends

4.1. Vulnerability of coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangroves to climate change
4.2. Response of fish and macroinvertebrate populations: displacements, collapses, and phenological changes
4.3. Effects on plankton, primary productivity, and the base of marine food webs
4.4. Interaction between climate change, overfishing, and pollution in marine ecosystems
4.5. Alteration of ecosystem services: food provision, coastal protection, and climate regulation
4.6. Regional case studies: Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, and polar regions

5.1. Impacts on the fisheries and aquaculture sector: productivity, species distribution, and profitability
5.2. Climate change and coastal tourism: beach erosion, loss of attractions, and climate risks
5.3. Vulnerability of coastal communities: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity
5.4. Food security and risks to the blue economy in the context of climate change
5.5. Coastal risk analysis tools: sea-level rise scenarios and extreme events
5.6. Case studies of coastal communities in transition: examples of success and failure in adaptation

6.1. Mitigation strategies related to the oceans: emissions reduction and blue carbon
6.2. Adaptation measures in fisheries, aquaculture, and the management of marine protected areas
6.3. Integrated coastal zone planning and management in the face of climate change
6.4. International framework of climate policies and agreements related to the oceans
6.5. Economic and governance instruments for the protection of the marine environment
6.6. Citizen participation, environmental education, and communication of ocean climate risk

7.1. Oceanographic and climatic data sources: satellites, buoys, reanalysis, and models
7.2. Introduction to time series analysis and mapping of ocean variables
7.3. Carbon footprint assessment, impact indicators, and marine vulnerability metrics
7.4. Designing a case study: region selection, problem identification, and methodological approach
7.5. Developing an applied mitigation/adaptation project in a marine or coastal environment
7.6. Presenting, critically discussing, and communicating results to diverse audiences

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!